Conceptualizing Wine Festival Visitor Experience
Srđan Mitrović - Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Rijeka, Primorska 46, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
Josipa Forjan - Faculty of Economics and Business, J. J. Strossmayer University in Osijek, Croatia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2023-2024.221
Srđan Mitrović - Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Rijeka, Primorska 46, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
Josipa Forjan - Faculty of Economics and Business, J. J. Strossmayer University in Osijek, Croatia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2023-2024.221
8th International Thematic Monograph - Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in Present Era, Belgrade, 2023/2024, Published by: Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans in cooperation with the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Ohrid, North Macedonia; ISSN 2683-5673, ISBN 978-86-80194-81-3 ; Editors: Vuk Bevanda, associate professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia; Snežana Štetić, full time professor, The College of Tourism, Belgrade, Serbia, Printed by: SKRIPTA International, Belgrade
Abstract: Festivals attract visitors outside of the tourist season and to destinations they would not otherwise visit because they provide memorable experiences based on visitor’s special interests. Wine festivals combine elements of wine and festival tourism and are a perfect opportunity to create unique experiences. Experience economy suggests that decisions on purchases (or travel) are made with a combination of rational (cognitive) and irrational (emotional) elements which are subjective and context-specific.
The purpose of this research is to conceptualize a theoretical framework that explains the experience of wine festival visitors through its dimensions, ancendents and consequences.
Results show that the wine festival experience is a multidimensional construct and a result of visitors’ interactions with the festival environment and is dependent on visitor’s motivations and involvement with wine. The proposed conceptual framework builds on existing knowledge, broadens the scope of experience dimensions and provides a framework for empirical examination of wine festival experiences
Keywords: Visitor experience; Festival experience; Experience economy; Wine tourism; Festival tourism
REFERENCES
Akyildiz, M., & Argan, M. (2010). Leisure experience dimensions: a study on participants of Ankara Festival. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 1(2), 25-36.
Akyıldız, M., Argan, M. T., Argan, M., & Sevil, T. (2013). Thematic Events as an Experiential Marketing Tool: Kite Festival on the Experience Stage. International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation & Tourism, 12, 17-28. https://doi.org/10.5199/ijsmart-1791-874x-12b
Ali-Knight, J., & Charters, S. (2001). The winery as educator: Do wineries provide what the wine tourist needs. Australian and New Zealand Wine Industry Journal, 16(6), 79-86.
Andersson, T. D., & Getz, D. (2009). Festival ownership. Differences between public, nonprofit and private festivals in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 9(2- 3), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250903217035
Anwar, S. A., & Sohail, M. S. (2004). Festival tourism in the United Arab Emirates: First-time versus repeat visitor perceptions. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(2), 161-170. https:// doi.org/10.1177/135676670401000206
Arnould, E., Price, L., & Zinkhan, G. (2004). Consumers, 2nd edition, New York. NJ: McGraw-Hill.
Ballantyne, J., Ballantyne, R., & Packer, J. (2014). Designing and managing music festival experiences to enhance attendees’ psychological and social benefits. Musicae scientiae, 18(1), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/1029864913511845
Bruwer, J., & Lesschaeve, I. (2012). Wine Tourists’ Destination Region Brand Image Perception and Antecedents: Conceptualization of a Winescape Framework. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29(7), 611-628. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2012.719819
Cambourne, B., Hall, C. M., Johnson, G., Macionis, N., Mitchell, R., & Sharples, L. (2009). The maturing wine tourism product: an international overview. Wine Tourism Around the World, 24-66. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080521145-2
Chang, T. Y., & Horng, S. C. (2010). Conceptualizing and measuring experience quality: the customer’s perspective. The Service Industries Journal, 30(14), 2401–2419. https://doi. org/10.1080/02642060802629919
Culha, O. (2020). The effect of food festival quality on place attachment and destination recommendation intention through festival experience and festival satisfaction: The case of the Didim International Olive Festival. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 21(5), 387-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2020.1775743
Dash, P. C., & Samantaray, M. N. (2018). Exploring determinants of a successful tourism experience - the Nabakalebara event. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 9(1), 104-119. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-06-2017-0039
De Geus, S., Richards, G., & Toepoel, V. (2016). Conceptualization and operationalization of event and festival experiences: Creation of an event experience scale. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 16(3), 274-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2015.11 01933
Fernandes, T., & Cruz, M. (2016). Dimensions and outcomes of experience quality in tourism: The case of Port wine cellars. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 31, 371-379. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.05.002
Filipović, S. (2021). Selektivni oblici turizma u Republici Hrvatskoj (Doctoral dissertation). University of Pula. Faculty of economics and tourism” Dr. Mijo Mirković“.
Geić, S. (2011). Menadžment selektivnih oblika turizma, Sveučilište u Splitu, Sveučilišni studijski centar za stručne studije, Split.
Getz, D. (2007). Event Studies - Theory, Research and Policy for Planned Events, Oxford: Elsevier.
Getz, D. (2012). Event studies: Discourses and future directions. Event management, 16(2), 171- 187. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599512x13343565268456
Hoffman, D., Beverland, M. B., & Rasmussen, M. (2001). The evolution of wine events in Australia and New Zealand: A proposed model. International Journal of Wine Marketing, 13(1), 54-71. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb043370
Houghton, M. (2002). Wine festivals: their effectiveness as a promotional strategy for wineries: A Case Study of the Rutherglen Region. La Trobe University. Melbourne, Australia.
Huang, L. (2008). Determinants of service quality for tourists’ satisfaction and loyalty for wine tourism. National Taiwan University. Taipei. Taiwan.
Jadrešić, V. (2010). Janusovo lice turizma, Od masovnog do selektivno-održivog turizma, Zagreb: Plejada.
Kim, J. G., & Song, K. S. (2011). Effect of tourism motivation for traditional indigenous foods on expectation, community attachment and tourism satisfaction in festival event. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 11(10), 434-448.
Kruger, M., & Viljoen, A. (2021). Terroir wine festival visitors: uncorking the origin of behavioural intentions. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(5), 616-636. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.20 19.1667310
Lee, H., Hwang, H., & Shim, C. (2017). Experiential festival attributes, perceived value, satisfaction, and behavioral intention for Korean festivalgoers. Tourism and Hospitality Research 19(2), 199-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358417738308
Lee, S., & Bai, B. (2016). Influence of popular culture on special interest tourists’ destination image. Tourism management, 52, 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.019
Lee, T. H., Fu, C. J., & Chang, P. S. (2015). The support of attendees for tourism development: Evidence from religious festivals, Taiwan. Tourism geographies, 17(2), 223-243. https://doi.org /10.1080/14616688.2014.997280
Lee, W., Sung, H., Suh, E., & Zhao, J. (2017). The effects of festival attendees’ experiential values and satisfaction on re-visit intention to the destination: The case of a food and wine festival. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(3), 1005-1027. https:// doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-10-2015-0559
Liu, Z. (2020). Food events and the experience economy: A netnographic examination of the case of Dîner en Blanc Doctoral dissertation, Auckland University of Technology]. Auckland, Australia.
Manthiou, A., Lee, S., Tang, L., & Chiang, L. (2014). The experience economy approach to festival marketing: Vivid memory and attendee loyalty. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(1), 22-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/jsm-06-2012-0105
March, R., & Wilkinson, I. (2009). Conceptual tools for evaluating tourism partnership. Tourism Management, 30, 455-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.09.001
Marković, S. (2019). How Festival Experience Quality Influence Visitor Satisfaction? A Quantitative Approach. Naše gospodarstvo/Our Economy, 65(4), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.2478/ ngoe-2019-0019
Mason, M. C., & Paggiaro, A. (2012). Investigating the role of festivalscape in culinary tourism: The case of food and wine events. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1329-1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tourman.2011.12.016
Mijoč, J. (2022). Research Study on Festival and Events: 3rd EU-China International Literary Festival. Osijek: Faculty of the Economics in Osijek.
Mitchell, R. (2006). Influences on Post-visit Wine Purchase (and non-purchase) by New Zealand Winery Visitors. In Global wine tourism: Research, management and marketing. 95-109. https://doi. org/10.1079/9781845931704.0095
Mitchell, R., & Hall, C. M. (2004). The post‐visit consumer behaviour of New Zealand winery visitors. Journal of Wine Research, 15(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/0957126042000300317
Mitchell, R., & Hall, C. M. (2006). Wine tourism research: the state of play. Tourism Review International, 9(4), 307-332. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427206776330535
Molina, A., Gómez, M., González-Díaz, B., & Esteban, Á. (2015). Market segmentation in wine tourism: strategies for wineries and destinations in Spain. Journal of Wine Research, 26(3), 192- 224. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571264.2015.1051218
Morgan, M. (2008). What makes a good festival? Understanding the event experience. Event management, 12(2), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599509787992562
O’Neill, M., Palmer, A., & Charters, S. (2002). Wine production as a service experience–the effects of service quality on wine sales. Journal of Services Marketing, 16(4), 342-362. https://doi. org/10.1108/08876040210433239
Papadimitriou, D. (2013). Service quality components as antecedents of satisfaction and behavioral intentions: The case of a Greek carnival festival. Journal of convention & event tourism, 14(1), 42-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2012.755885
Park, M., Oh, H., & Park, J. (2010). Measuring the experience economy of film festival participants. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 10(2), 35-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2010 .11434625
Pikkemaat, B., Peters, M., Boksberger, P., & Secco, M. (2009). The Staging of Experiences in Wine Tourism. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(2-3), 237-253. https://doi. org/10.1080/19368620802594110
Prebensen, N. K., & Rosengren, S. (2016). Experience value as a function of hedonic and utilitarian dominant services. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(1), 113-135. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-02-2014-0073
Quintal, V., Thomas, B., Phau, I., & Soldat, Z. (2017). Using push-pull winescape attributes to model Australian wine tourist segmentation. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 29(4), 346-372. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-01-2017-0007
Rivera, M., Semrad, K., & Croes, R. (2015). The five E’s in festival experience in the context of Gen Y: Evidence from a small island destination. Revista Española de Investigación de Marketing ESIC, 19(2), 95-106.
Robertson, M., Chambers, D., & Frew, E. (2008). Events and festivals: Current trends and issues. Managing Leisure, 12, 99-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710701406485
Schmitt, B. H. (2003). Customer Experience Management: A Revolutionary Approach to Connecting With Your Customers. New Jersey. NJ: Wiley.
Sieczko, A., Parzonko, A. J., & Bieńkowska-Gołasa, W. (2020). Principles of the experience economy in designing an agritourism product. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika), 66(4), 175-182. https://doi.org/10.17221/209/2019-agricecon
Taylor, R., & Shanka, T. (2002). Attributes for staging successful wine festivals. Event Management, 7(3), 165-175. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599502108751569
Van Vliet, H. (2012). Festivals: Een introductie. Festivalbeleving. De waarde van publieks evenementen. Utrecht: Hogeschool Utrecht.
Wen, J., & Wu, M.-Y. (2020). How special is special interest tourism - and how special are special interest tourists? A perspective article in a Chinese context. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(16), 1968-1972. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1750575
Ye, B. H., Zhang, H. Q., & Yuan, J. J. (2017). Intentions to Participate in Wine Tourism in an Emerging Market: Theorization and Implications. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 41(8), 1007-1031. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014525637
Yuan, J. J., Cai, L. A., Morrison, A. M., & Linton, S. (2005). An analysis of wine festival attendees’ motivations: A synergy of wine, travel and special events? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(1), 41-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766705050842
The purpose of this research is to conceptualize a theoretical framework that explains the experience of wine festival visitors through its dimensions, ancendents and consequences.
Results show that the wine festival experience is a multidimensional construct and a result of visitors’ interactions with the festival environment and is dependent on visitor’s motivations and involvement with wine. The proposed conceptual framework builds on existing knowledge, broadens the scope of experience dimensions and provides a framework for empirical examination of wine festival experiences
Keywords: Visitor experience; Festival experience; Experience economy; Wine tourism; Festival tourism
REFERENCES
Akyildiz, M., & Argan, M. (2010). Leisure experience dimensions: a study on participants of Ankara Festival. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 1(2), 25-36.
Akyıldız, M., Argan, M. T., Argan, M., & Sevil, T. (2013). Thematic Events as an Experiential Marketing Tool: Kite Festival on the Experience Stage. International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation & Tourism, 12, 17-28. https://doi.org/10.5199/ijsmart-1791-874x-12b
Ali-Knight, J., & Charters, S. (2001). The winery as educator: Do wineries provide what the wine tourist needs. Australian and New Zealand Wine Industry Journal, 16(6), 79-86.
Andersson, T. D., & Getz, D. (2009). Festival ownership. Differences between public, nonprofit and private festivals in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 9(2- 3), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250903217035
Anwar, S. A., & Sohail, M. S. (2004). Festival tourism in the United Arab Emirates: First-time versus repeat visitor perceptions. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(2), 161-170. https:// doi.org/10.1177/135676670401000206
Arnould, E., Price, L., & Zinkhan, G. (2004). Consumers, 2nd edition, New York. NJ: McGraw-Hill.
Ballantyne, J., Ballantyne, R., & Packer, J. (2014). Designing and managing music festival experiences to enhance attendees’ psychological and social benefits. Musicae scientiae, 18(1), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/1029864913511845
Bruwer, J., & Lesschaeve, I. (2012). Wine Tourists’ Destination Region Brand Image Perception and Antecedents: Conceptualization of a Winescape Framework. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29(7), 611-628. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2012.719819
Cambourne, B., Hall, C. M., Johnson, G., Macionis, N., Mitchell, R., & Sharples, L. (2009). The maturing wine tourism product: an international overview. Wine Tourism Around the World, 24-66. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080521145-2
Chang, T. Y., & Horng, S. C. (2010). Conceptualizing and measuring experience quality: the customer’s perspective. The Service Industries Journal, 30(14), 2401–2419. https://doi. org/10.1080/02642060802629919
Culha, O. (2020). The effect of food festival quality on place attachment and destination recommendation intention through festival experience and festival satisfaction: The case of the Didim International Olive Festival. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 21(5), 387-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2020.1775743
Dash, P. C., & Samantaray, M. N. (2018). Exploring determinants of a successful tourism experience - the Nabakalebara event. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 9(1), 104-119. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-06-2017-0039
De Geus, S., Richards, G., & Toepoel, V. (2016). Conceptualization and operationalization of event and festival experiences: Creation of an event experience scale. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 16(3), 274-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2015.11 01933
Fernandes, T., & Cruz, M. (2016). Dimensions and outcomes of experience quality in tourism: The case of Port wine cellars. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 31, 371-379. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.05.002
Filipović, S. (2021). Selektivni oblici turizma u Republici Hrvatskoj (Doctoral dissertation). University of Pula. Faculty of economics and tourism” Dr. Mijo Mirković“.
Geić, S. (2011). Menadžment selektivnih oblika turizma, Sveučilište u Splitu, Sveučilišni studijski centar za stručne studije, Split.
Getz, D. (2007). Event Studies - Theory, Research and Policy for Planned Events, Oxford: Elsevier.
Getz, D. (2012). Event studies: Discourses and future directions. Event management, 16(2), 171- 187. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599512x13343565268456
Hoffman, D., Beverland, M. B., & Rasmussen, M. (2001). The evolution of wine events in Australia and New Zealand: A proposed model. International Journal of Wine Marketing, 13(1), 54-71. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb043370
Houghton, M. (2002). Wine festivals: their effectiveness as a promotional strategy for wineries: A Case Study of the Rutherglen Region. La Trobe University. Melbourne, Australia.
Huang, L. (2008). Determinants of service quality for tourists’ satisfaction and loyalty for wine tourism. National Taiwan University. Taipei. Taiwan.
Jadrešić, V. (2010). Janusovo lice turizma, Od masovnog do selektivno-održivog turizma, Zagreb: Plejada.
Kim, J. G., & Song, K. S. (2011). Effect of tourism motivation for traditional indigenous foods on expectation, community attachment and tourism satisfaction in festival event. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 11(10), 434-448.
Kruger, M., & Viljoen, A. (2021). Terroir wine festival visitors: uncorking the origin of behavioural intentions. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(5), 616-636. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.20 19.1667310
Lee, H., Hwang, H., & Shim, C. (2017). Experiential festival attributes, perceived value, satisfaction, and behavioral intention for Korean festivalgoers. Tourism and Hospitality Research 19(2), 199-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358417738308
Lee, S., & Bai, B. (2016). Influence of popular culture on special interest tourists’ destination image. Tourism management, 52, 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.019
Lee, T. H., Fu, C. J., & Chang, P. S. (2015). The support of attendees for tourism development: Evidence from religious festivals, Taiwan. Tourism geographies, 17(2), 223-243. https://doi.org /10.1080/14616688.2014.997280
Lee, W., Sung, H., Suh, E., & Zhao, J. (2017). The effects of festival attendees’ experiential values and satisfaction on re-visit intention to the destination: The case of a food and wine festival. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(3), 1005-1027. https:// doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-10-2015-0559
Liu, Z. (2020). Food events and the experience economy: A netnographic examination of the case of Dîner en Blanc Doctoral dissertation, Auckland University of Technology]. Auckland, Australia.
Manthiou, A., Lee, S., Tang, L., & Chiang, L. (2014). The experience economy approach to festival marketing: Vivid memory and attendee loyalty. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(1), 22-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/jsm-06-2012-0105
March, R., & Wilkinson, I. (2009). Conceptual tools for evaluating tourism partnership. Tourism Management, 30, 455-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.09.001
Marković, S. (2019). How Festival Experience Quality Influence Visitor Satisfaction? A Quantitative Approach. Naše gospodarstvo/Our Economy, 65(4), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.2478/ ngoe-2019-0019
Mason, M. C., & Paggiaro, A. (2012). Investigating the role of festivalscape in culinary tourism: The case of food and wine events. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1329-1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tourman.2011.12.016
Mijoč, J. (2022). Research Study on Festival and Events: 3rd EU-China International Literary Festival. Osijek: Faculty of the Economics in Osijek.
Mitchell, R. (2006). Influences on Post-visit Wine Purchase (and non-purchase) by New Zealand Winery Visitors. In Global wine tourism: Research, management and marketing. 95-109. https://doi. org/10.1079/9781845931704.0095
Mitchell, R., & Hall, C. M. (2004). The post‐visit consumer behaviour of New Zealand winery visitors. Journal of Wine Research, 15(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/0957126042000300317
Mitchell, R., & Hall, C. M. (2006). Wine tourism research: the state of play. Tourism Review International, 9(4), 307-332. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427206776330535
Molina, A., Gómez, M., González-Díaz, B., & Esteban, Á. (2015). Market segmentation in wine tourism: strategies for wineries and destinations in Spain. Journal of Wine Research, 26(3), 192- 224. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571264.2015.1051218
Morgan, M. (2008). What makes a good festival? Understanding the event experience. Event management, 12(2), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599509787992562
O’Neill, M., Palmer, A., & Charters, S. (2002). Wine production as a service experience–the effects of service quality on wine sales. Journal of Services Marketing, 16(4), 342-362. https://doi. org/10.1108/08876040210433239
Papadimitriou, D. (2013). Service quality components as antecedents of satisfaction and behavioral intentions: The case of a Greek carnival festival. Journal of convention & event tourism, 14(1), 42-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2012.755885
Park, M., Oh, H., & Park, J. (2010). Measuring the experience economy of film festival participants. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 10(2), 35-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2010 .11434625
Pikkemaat, B., Peters, M., Boksberger, P., & Secco, M. (2009). The Staging of Experiences in Wine Tourism. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(2-3), 237-253. https://doi. org/10.1080/19368620802594110
Prebensen, N. K., & Rosengren, S. (2016). Experience value as a function of hedonic and utilitarian dominant services. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(1), 113-135. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-02-2014-0073
Quintal, V., Thomas, B., Phau, I., & Soldat, Z. (2017). Using push-pull winescape attributes to model Australian wine tourist segmentation. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 29(4), 346-372. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-01-2017-0007
Rivera, M., Semrad, K., & Croes, R. (2015). The five E’s in festival experience in the context of Gen Y: Evidence from a small island destination. Revista Española de Investigación de Marketing ESIC, 19(2), 95-106.
Robertson, M., Chambers, D., & Frew, E. (2008). Events and festivals: Current trends and issues. Managing Leisure, 12, 99-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710701406485
Schmitt, B. H. (2003). Customer Experience Management: A Revolutionary Approach to Connecting With Your Customers. New Jersey. NJ: Wiley.
Sieczko, A., Parzonko, A. J., & Bieńkowska-Gołasa, W. (2020). Principles of the experience economy in designing an agritourism product. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika), 66(4), 175-182. https://doi.org/10.17221/209/2019-agricecon
Taylor, R., & Shanka, T. (2002). Attributes for staging successful wine festivals. Event Management, 7(3), 165-175. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599502108751569
Van Vliet, H. (2012). Festivals: Een introductie. Festivalbeleving. De waarde van publieks evenementen. Utrecht: Hogeschool Utrecht.
Wen, J., & Wu, M.-Y. (2020). How special is special interest tourism - and how special are special interest tourists? A perspective article in a Chinese context. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(16), 1968-1972. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1750575
Ye, B. H., Zhang, H. Q., & Yuan, J. J. (2017). Intentions to Participate in Wine Tourism in an Emerging Market: Theorization and Implications. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 41(8), 1007-1031. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014525637
Yuan, J. J., Cai, L. A., Morrison, A. M., & Linton, S. (2005). An analysis of wine festival attendees’ motivations: A synergy of wine, travel and special events? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(1), 41-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766705050842

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