Comparative Analysis of Tourism Safety and Security Indicators – Bulgaria and Neighbouring Countries
Petya Ivanova - Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov, Em. Chakarov, 2 str. 5250, Bulgaria
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2023-2024.323
Petya Ivanova - Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov, Em. Chakarov, 2 str. 5250, Bulgaria
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2023-2024.323
8th International Thematic Monograph - Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in Present Era, Belgrade, 2023/2024, Published by: Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans in cooperation with the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Ohrid, North Macedonia; ISSN 2683-5673, ISBN 978-86-80194-81-3 ; Editors: Vuk Bevanda, associate professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia; Snežana Štetić, full time professor, The College of Tourism, Belgrade, Serbia, Printed by: SKRIPTA International, Belgrade
Abstract: This research aims to study, analyze and evaluate the degree of security and safety of the following destinations: Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, North Macedonia and Turkey. The methodology includes a combination of research methods such as desk research, content analysis, comparative method, etc. The analytical part is based on publicly available, officially published data of established methodology of the World Economic Forum. The conclusions are mainly in two directions: first, indicators according to which Bulgaria is in strong and weak positions compared to neighbouring countries, and second, the positions of the studied countries in the interrelationship of the travel and tourism development index – security and safety. The originality of this chapter lies in the comparison between the countries and delineating the similarities in the region and the differences of the individual countries as safe destinations. It can be used for future analyses of the quality of the destination tourism supply. This chapter can influence and encourage other future comparisons ranging from the assessment of regional differences in various aspects of tourism development to the multifaceted perspectives of ensuring security and safety.
Keywords: Tourism safety; Destination; Comparative analysis; Regional differences; Indicators
REFERENCES
Berce, J., Lacmanović, D., & Raspor, A. (2021). Impact of Terrorism on Tourism Demand in the EU and the Mediterranean. In V. Bevanda, & S. Štetić (Eds.), 6 International Thematic Monograph: Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in the Present Era (pp. 73-93). Belgrade: Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans. https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2021-2022.73
Björk, P., & Kauppinen-Räisänen, H. (2013). Destination coutries’ risk image as perceived by Finnish travellers. Matkailututkimus, 9(1), 21-38.
Fe, H., & Sanfelice, V. (2022). How bad is crime for business? Evidence from consumer behavior. Journal of Urban Economics, 129, 103448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2022.103448
Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2006). Tourist Destination Risk Perception: The Case of Israel. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 14(2), 83-108. https://doi.org/10.1300/j150v14n02_06
George, R. (2003). Tourist's perceptions of safety and security while visiting Cape Town. Tourism Management, 24(5), 575-585. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(03)00003-7
Hall, C. M., Timothy, D. J., & Duval, D. T. (2004). Security and Tourism: Towards a New Understanding? Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15(2-3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1300/ j073v15n02_01
Institute for Economics and Peace. (2020). Global Terrorism Index 2020: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism. https://reliefweb.int/attachments/93b527d8-5b8d-3ea1-bc5e-f810e42d45df/GTI- 2020-web-2.pdf
Korstanje, М. (2009). Re-visiting risk perception theory in the context of travel. e-Review of Tourism Research, 7(4), 68-81.
Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (2006). Tourism and Safety Issues. Tourism, Security and Safety, 139-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-7898-8.50013-8
Maser, B., & Weiermair, K. (1998). Travel Decision-Making: From the Vantage Point of Perceived Risk and Information Preferences. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 7(4), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1300/j073v07n04_06
Nardi, M. D., & Wilks, j. (2007). Tourist water safety: surf life saving initiatives for the Japanese inbound market. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 13(3), 275-283. https://doi. org/10.1177/1356766707077700
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, V. V. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. Journal of Marketing, 49(4), 41-50. https://doi. org/10.2307/1251430
Pizam, A., & Mansfeld, Y. (2006). Toward a Theory of Tourism Security. Tourism, Security and Safety, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-7898-8.50004-7
Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel Anxiety and Intentions to Travel Internationally: Implications of Travel Risk Perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212-225. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272017
Saruji, М., Ahmad, Y., & Zainuddin, A. (2018). Perception on Reliability and Responsiveness of Polis DiRaja Malaysia (PDRM): A Study among Citizens in Putrajaya. Journal of Administrative Science, 15(3).
Schifman, L. G., Kanuk, L. L., & Wisenblit, J. (2010). Consumer behavior (10th ed.). UpperSaddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Determining Future Travel Behavior from Past Travel Experience and Perceptions of Risk and Safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759803700209
Stankova, M., & Kaleychev, S. (2022). Balkans - Safe and Secure Destination for Tourism. Analysis of the Situation. Tourism & Hospitality Industry 2022. Trends and Challenges (pp. 281-293). Opatija: University of Rijeka. https://doi.org/10.20867/thi.26.16
Toker, A., & Emir, O. (2023). Safety and security research in tourism: A bibliometric mapping. European Journal of Tourism Research, 34. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.2871
Trišić, I., Milojković, D. S., Ristić, V., Nechita, F., Maksin, M., Štetić, S., & Candrea, A. N. (2023). Sustainable Tourism of Important Plant Areas (IPAs)—A Case of Three Protected Areas of Vojvodina Province. Land, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071278
Tsaur, S.-H., Tzeng, G.-H., & Wang, K.-C. (1997). Evaluating tourist risks from fuzzy perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4), 796-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(97)00059-5
UNWTO. (n.d.). https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database
Wichasin, P., & Doungphummes, N. (2012). A comparative study of international tourists’ safety needs and hai tourist polices’ perception towards international tourists’ safety needs. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 67, 1372-1378.
World Economic Forum. (2021a). Travel and Tourism Development Index. https://www.weforum.org/reports/travel-and-tourism-development-index-2021
World Economic Forum. (2021b). Travel and Tourism Development Index. Appendix C. https://www.weforum.org/publications/travel-and-tourism-development-index-2021/ appendix-c-a5c971e13b
Keywords: Tourism safety; Destination; Comparative analysis; Regional differences; Indicators
REFERENCES
Berce, J., Lacmanović, D., & Raspor, A. (2021). Impact of Terrorism on Tourism Demand in the EU and the Mediterranean. In V. Bevanda, & S. Štetić (Eds.), 6 International Thematic Monograph: Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in the Present Era (pp. 73-93). Belgrade: Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans. https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2021-2022.73
Björk, P., & Kauppinen-Räisänen, H. (2013). Destination coutries’ risk image as perceived by Finnish travellers. Matkailututkimus, 9(1), 21-38.
Fe, H., & Sanfelice, V. (2022). How bad is crime for business? Evidence from consumer behavior. Journal of Urban Economics, 129, 103448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2022.103448
Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2006). Tourist Destination Risk Perception: The Case of Israel. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 14(2), 83-108. https://doi.org/10.1300/j150v14n02_06
George, R. (2003). Tourist's perceptions of safety and security while visiting Cape Town. Tourism Management, 24(5), 575-585. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(03)00003-7
Hall, C. M., Timothy, D. J., & Duval, D. T. (2004). Security and Tourism: Towards a New Understanding? Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15(2-3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1300/ j073v15n02_01
Institute for Economics and Peace. (2020). Global Terrorism Index 2020: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism. https://reliefweb.int/attachments/93b527d8-5b8d-3ea1-bc5e-f810e42d45df/GTI- 2020-web-2.pdf
Korstanje, М. (2009). Re-visiting risk perception theory in the context of travel. e-Review of Tourism Research, 7(4), 68-81.
Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (2006). Tourism and Safety Issues. Tourism, Security and Safety, 139-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-7898-8.50013-8
Maser, B., & Weiermair, K. (1998). Travel Decision-Making: From the Vantage Point of Perceived Risk and Information Preferences. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 7(4), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1300/j073v07n04_06
Nardi, M. D., & Wilks, j. (2007). Tourist water safety: surf life saving initiatives for the Japanese inbound market. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 13(3), 275-283. https://doi. org/10.1177/1356766707077700
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, V. V. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. Journal of Marketing, 49(4), 41-50. https://doi. org/10.2307/1251430
Pizam, A., & Mansfeld, Y. (2006). Toward a Theory of Tourism Security. Tourism, Security and Safety, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-7898-8.50004-7
Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel Anxiety and Intentions to Travel Internationally: Implications of Travel Risk Perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212-225. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272017
Saruji, М., Ahmad, Y., & Zainuddin, A. (2018). Perception on Reliability and Responsiveness of Polis DiRaja Malaysia (PDRM): A Study among Citizens in Putrajaya. Journal of Administrative Science, 15(3).
Schifman, L. G., Kanuk, L. L., & Wisenblit, J. (2010). Consumer behavior (10th ed.). UpperSaddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Determining Future Travel Behavior from Past Travel Experience and Perceptions of Risk and Safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759803700209
Stankova, M., & Kaleychev, S. (2022). Balkans - Safe and Secure Destination for Tourism. Analysis of the Situation. Tourism & Hospitality Industry 2022. Trends and Challenges (pp. 281-293). Opatija: University of Rijeka. https://doi.org/10.20867/thi.26.16
Toker, A., & Emir, O. (2023). Safety and security research in tourism: A bibliometric mapping. European Journal of Tourism Research, 34. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.2871
Trišić, I., Milojković, D. S., Ristić, V., Nechita, F., Maksin, M., Štetić, S., & Candrea, A. N. (2023). Sustainable Tourism of Important Plant Areas (IPAs)—A Case of Three Protected Areas of Vojvodina Province. Land, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071278
Tsaur, S.-H., Tzeng, G.-H., & Wang, K.-C. (1997). Evaluating tourist risks from fuzzy perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4), 796-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(97)00059-5
UNWTO. (n.d.). https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database
Wichasin, P., & Doungphummes, N. (2012). A comparative study of international tourists’ safety needs and hai tourist polices’ perception towards international tourists’ safety needs. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 67, 1372-1378.
World Economic Forum. (2021a). Travel and Tourism Development Index. https://www.weforum.org/reports/travel-and-tourism-development-index-2021
World Economic Forum. (2021b). Travel and Tourism Development Index. Appendix C. https://www.weforum.org/publications/travel-and-tourism-development-index-2021/ appendix-c-a5c971e13b
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