|
THE IMPORTANCE OF ECOTOURISM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM DESTINATION – A CASE STUDY OF THE SPECIAL NATURE RESERVE “MEADOWS OF GREAT BUSTARD“, VOJVODINA Snežana Štetić College of Tourism, Bulevar Z. Đinđića 152a, 11070 Belgrade, Serbia Igor Trišić Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism Vrnjačka Banja, University of Kragujevac, Serbia DOI: https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2019.323 4th International Thematic Monograph - Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in Present Era, Belgrade, 2019, Published by: Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans in cooperation with the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Ohrid, North Macedonia; ISSN 2683-5673, ISBN 978-86-80194-29-5; Editors: Vuk Bevanda, associate professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia; Snežana Štetić, full time professor, The College of Tourism, Belgrade, Serbia, Printed by: SKRIPTA International, Belgrade
|
|
Abstract: Tourism in protected natural areas (PNAs) has an important and very positive role in the tourism development of many countries. Whether the area of the Special Nature Reserve “Meadows of Great Bustard” (SNR) represents a significant potential for the development of tourism will be concluded in this paper by using two scientific methods. The obtained results from a conducted written questionnaire, as the first method, will be examined by a comparative analysis with related or the same results from the world practice research – the second method. This is the main task in this research. The obtained results can examine the main hypothesis that the SNR is a significant tourism potential for ecotourism both at the level of the Republic of Serbia and at the level of the countries in the region, such as Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as other European countries. The main objective of this paper is to test the main hypothesis and to obtain certain results if this protected area may have an impact on the development of sustainable tourism. By enhancing sustainable tourism and protecting the space of this reserve, by implementing the national tourism offer, higher socio-cultural, economic and ecological benefits can be achieved. The results of this research indicate that forms of tourism such as: ecotourism, science tourism, trips, bird and animal watching, can be a basic form of tourist visits. The most significant potential of the SNR is the highly endangered species of the Great Bustard (Otis tarda), which is the symbol of this protected area. Keywords: Ecotourism, Sustainable tourism, Special Nature Reserve “Meadows of Great Bustard”, Nature-based tourism. REFERENCES Araña, J. E., & León, C. J. (2016). Are tourists animal spirits? Evidence from a field experiment exploring the use of non-market-based interventions advocating sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(3), 430-445. doi:10.1080/09669582.2015.1101128 Banerjee, A. (2012). Is wildlife tourism benefiting Indian protected areas? A survey. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(3), 211-227. doi:10.1080/13683500.2011.599367 Bello, F. G., Carr, N. & Lovelock, B. (2016). Community participation framework for protected area-based tourism planning. Tourism Planning & Development, 13(4), 469-485. doi:10.10 80/21568316.2015.1136838 BirdLife International, (2017). Otis tarda. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22691900A119044104. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22691900A119044104.en Bramwell, B. (2010). Participative planning and governance for sustainable tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(3), 239-249. doi:10.1080/02508281.2010.11081640 Buckley, R. (2002). Draft principles for tourism in protected areas. Journal of Ecotourism, 1(1), 75-80. doi:10.1080/14724040208668113 Burns, G. L. (2011). Tourism and national parks: International perspectives on development, histories and change. Annals of Leisure Research, 14(4), 395-396. doi:10.1080/11745398.2 011.639446 Butcher, J. (2011). Can ecotourism contribute to tackling poverty? The importance of ‘symbiosis’. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(3), 295-307. doi:10.1080/13683500.2011.555526 Butler, R. W. (1999). Sustainable tourism: A state-of-the-art review. Tourism Geographies, 1(1), 7-25. doi:10.1080/14616689908721291 Butowski, L. (2019). Nature tourist sustainability of destination as a measure of its development. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(9), 1043-1061. doi:10.1080/13683500.2017.1351926 Butzmann, E., & Job, H. (2017). Developing a typology of sustainable protected area tourism products. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(12), 1736-1755. doi:10.1080/09669582.2016. 1206110 Catibog-Sinha, C. (2010). Biodiversity conservation and sustainable tourism: Philippine initiatives. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 5(4), 297-309. doi:10.1080/1743873X.2010.517841 Catlin, J., Jones, R., Jones, T., Norman, B., & Wood, D. (2010). Discovering wildlife tourism: a whale shark tourism case study. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(4), 351-361. doi:10.1080/13683500903019418 Cheng, M., Jin, X., & Wong, I. A. (2014). Ecotourism site in relation to tourist attitude and further behavioural changes. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(4), 303-311. doi:10.1080/1368350 0.2013.800030 Cottrell, S. P., & Cutumisu, N. (2006). Sustainable tourism development strategy in WWF pan parks: case of a Swedish and Romanian national park. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 6(2), 150-167. doi:10.1080/15022250600658838 Decree on the designation of the Special Nature Reserve “Meadows of Great Bustard” (“Official Gazette of RS”, № 5/2010). Resource document (in Serbian). Diamantis, D. (1999). The concept of ecotourism: evolution and trends. Current Issues in Tourism, 2(2-3), 93-122. doi:10.1080/13683509908667847 Donohoe, H.M. (2011). Defining culturally sensitive ecotourism: a Delphi consensus. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(1), 27-45. doi:10.1080/13683500903440689 Doran, R., Hanss, D., & Larsen, S. (2017). Intentions to make sustainable tourism choices: do value orientations, time perspective, and efficacy beliefs explain individual differences? Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17(3), 223-238. doi:10.1080/15022250. 2016.1179129 Dudley, N., MacKinnon, K., & Stolton, S. (2014). The role of protected areas in supplying ten critical ecosystem services in drylands: a review. Biodiversity, 15(2-3), 178-184. doi:10.10 80/14888386.2014.928790 Eagles, P. F. J. (2014). Research priorities in park tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(4), 528-549. doi:10.1080/09669582.2013.785554 Farmaki, A. (2015). Regional network governance and sustainable tourism. Tourism Geographies, 17(3), 385-407. doi:10.1080/14616688.2015.1036915 Farsari, I. (2012). The Development of a conceptual model to support sustainable tourism policy in north Mediterranean destinations. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(7), 710-738. doi:10.1080/19368623.2012.624298 Fennell, D. A. (2015). Ecotourism. London & New York: Routledge. Fennell, D., & Weaver, D. (2005). The ecotourium concept and tourism-conservation symbiosis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(4), 373-390. doi:10.1080/09669580508668563 Fodness, D. (2017). The problematic nature of sustainable tourism: some implications for planners and managers. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1671-1683. doi:10.1080/13683500.2 016.1209162 Geneletti, D., Scolozzi, R., & Esmail, B. A. (2018). Assessing ecosystem services and biodiversity tradeoffs across agricultural landscapes in a mountain region. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 14(1), 188-208. doi:10.1080/2 1513732.2018.1526214 Gooch, S., Ashbrook, K., Taylor, A., & Székely, T. (2015). Using dietary analysis and habitat selection to inform conservation management of reintroduced Great bustards Otis tarda in an agricultural landscape. Bird Study, 62(3), 289-302. doi:10.1080/00063657.2015.1050993 Goodwin, H. (2002). Local community involvement in tourism around national parks: opportunities and constraints. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(3-4), 338-360. doi:10.1080/13683500208667928 Griffin, K., & Stacey, J. (2011). Towards a ‘tourism for all’ policy for Ireland: achieving real sustainability in Irish tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(5), 431–444. doi:10.1080/13 683500.2011.568053 Grujičić, I., Milijić, V., & Nonić, D. (2008). Conflict management in protected areas: The Lazar Canyon Natural Monument, Eastern Serbia. International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, 4(4), 219-229. doi:10.3843/Biodiv.4.4:5 Gunsoy, E., & Hannam, K. (2013). Festivals, community development and sustainable tourism in the Karpaz region of Northern Cyprus. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 5(1), 81-94. doi:10.1080/19407963.2013.774201 Hall, C. M. (2010). Tourism and biodiversity: more significant than climate change? Journal of Heritage Tourism, 5(4), 253-266. doi:10.1080/1743873X.2010.517843 Heslinga, J., Groote, P., & Vanclay, F. (2017). Strengthening governance processes to improve benefit-sharing from tourism in protected areas by using stakeholder analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. doi:10.1080/09669582.2017.1408635 Hjalager, A. (2000). Consumerism and sustainable tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 8(3), 1-20. doi:10.1300/J073v08n03_01 Hodder, K. H., Newton, A. C., Cantarello, E., & Perrella, L. (2014). Does landscape-scale conservation management enhance the provision of ecosystem services? International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 10(1), 71-83. doi:10.1080 /21513732.2014.883430 Holden, A. (2016). Environment and tourism. London & New York: Routledge. Holladay, P. J., & Ormsby, A. A. (2011). A comparative study of local perceptions of ecotourism and conservation at Five Blues Lake National Park, Belize. Journal of Ecotourism, 10(2), 118-134. doi:10.1080/14724049.2010.529910 Izveštaj o sprovođenju programa zaštite prirodnih dobara za 2017. godinu [The Report on the implementation of the protection program of the natural sites for 2017], (2018). Resource document. Novi Sad: Republic of Serbia, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Institute for Nature Conservation of Vojvodina Province (in Serbian). Jamal, T., & Stronza, A. (2009). Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(2), 169- 189. doi:10.1080/09669580802495741 Janssen, J. (2009). Sustainable development and protected landscapes: the case of The Netherlands. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 16(1), 37-47. doi:10.1080/13504500902757981 Job, H., Becken, S., & Lane, B. (2017). Protected areas in a neoliberal world and the role of tourism in supporting conservation and sustainable development: an assessment of strategic planning, zoning, impact monitoring, and tourism management at natural World Heritage Sites. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(12), 1697-1718. doi:10.1080/09669582.2017.1377432 Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert scale: explored and explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396-403. doi:10.9734/BJAST/2015/14975 Kensbock, S., & Jennings, G. (2011). Pursuing: a grounded theory of tourism entrepreneurs’ understanding and praxis of sustainable tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(5), 489-504. doi:10.1080/10941665.2011.597574 Kim, H., Lee, S., Uysal, M., Kim, J., & Ahn, K. (2015). Nature-based tourism: motivation and subjective well-being. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(sup1), 576-598. doi:10.1 080/10548408.2014.997958 Kim, Y., Kim, C., Lee, D. K., Lee, H., & Andrada, R. T. (2019). Quantifying nature-based tourism in protected areas in developing countries by using social big data. Tourism Management, 72, 249-256. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2018.12.005 Konu, H., & Kajala, L. (2012). Segmenting protected area visitors based on their motivations. Vantaa: Metsähallitus. Larson, L. R., & Poudyal, N. C. (2012). Developing sustainable tourism through adaptive resource management: a case study of Machu Picchu, Peru. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(7), 917-938. doi:10.1080/09669582.2012.667217 Leung, Y., Spenceley, A., Hvenegaard, G., & Buckley, R. (Eds.). (2018). Tourism and visitor management in protected areas: Guidelines for sustainability, 27. Gland: IUCN. doi:10.2305/ IUCN.CH.2018.PAG.27.en Liburd, J. J., & Becken, S. (2017). Values in nature conservation, tourism and UNESCO World Heritage Site stewardship. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(12), 1719-1735. doi:10.1080 /09669582.2017.1293067 Lück, M. (2002). Looking into the future of ecotourism and sustainable tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(3-4), 371-374. doi:10.1080/13683500208667930 Makame, M. K., & Boon, E. K. (2008). Sustainable tourism and benefit-sharing in Zanzibar: the case of Kiwengwa-Pongwe forest reserve. Journal of Human Ecology, 24(2), 93-109. doi:1 0.1080/09709274.2008.11906105 Maksin, M., Ristić, V., Nenković-Riznić, M., & Mićić, S. (2018). The role of zoning in the strategic planning of protected areas: lessons learnt from EU countries and Serbia. European Planning Studies, 26(4), 838-872. doi:10.1080/09654313.2018.1426736 Martin, C. A., Alonso, J. C., Alonso, J. A., Morales, M. B., & Pitra, C. (2000). An approach to sexing young Great bustards Otis Tarda using discriminant analysis and molecular techniques. Bird Study, 47(2), 147-153. doi:10.1080/00063650009461170 Mellon, V., & Bramwell, B. (2016). Protected area policies and sustainable tourism: influences, relationships and co-evolution. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(10), 1369-1386. doi:10. 1080/09669582.2015.1125909 Mitsch, W. J., Bernal, B., & Hernandez, M. E. (2015). Ecosystem services of wetlands. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 11(1), 1-4. do i:10.1080/21513732.2015.1006250 Muñoz, L., Hausner, V., Brown, G., Runge, C., & Fauchald, P. (2019). Identifying spatial overlap in the values of locals, domestic-and international tourists to protected areas. Tourism Management, 71, 259-271. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2018.07.015 Navarro, J. L. A., Martines, M. E. A., & Jiménez, J. A. M. (2019). An approach to measuring sustainable tourism at the local level in Europe. Current Issues in Tourism. doi:10.1080/13 683500.2019.1579174 Nepal, S. K. (1997). Sustainable tourism, protected areas and livelihood needs of local communities in developing countries. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 4(2), 123-135. doi:10.1080/13504509709469948 Newsome, D., Moore, S. A., & Dowling, R. K. (2013). Natural area tourism ecology, impacts and management. Toronto: Channel View Publications. Notzke, C. (2016). Wild horse-based tourism as wildlife tourism: the wild horse as the other. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(12), 1235-1259. doi:10.1080/13683500.2014.897688 Okello, M. M., & Yerian, S. (2009). Tourist satisfaction in relation to attractions and implications for conservation in the protected areas of the Northern Circuit, Tanzania. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(5), 605-625. doi:10.1080/09669580902928450 Park, E., & Kim, S. (2016). The potential of Cittaslow for sustainable tourism development: enhancing local community’s empowerment. Tourism Planning & Development, 13(3), 351-369. doi:10.1080/21568316.2015.1114015 Price, M. F. (2006). Global recognition of special landscapes: reconciling sustainable development and conservation. International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, 2(3), 142–145. doi:10.1080/17451590609618110 Pyke, J., Law, A., Jiang, M., & Lacy, T. (2018). Learning from the locals: the role of stakeholder engagement in building tourism and community resilience. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(3), 206-219. doi:10.1080/14724049.2018.1505586 Reimann, M., Lamp, M. L., & Palang, H. (2011). Tourism impacts and local communities in Estonian national parks. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11(sup1), 87-99. doi:10.1080/15022250.2011.638206 Rinzin, C., Vermeulen, W. J., & Glasbergen, P. (2007). Ecotourism as a mechanism for sustainable development: the case of Bhutan. Environmental Sciences, 4(2), 109–125. doi:10.1080/15693430701365420 Robertson, P. J. (2011). An assessment of collaborative governance in a network for sustainable tourism: the case of RedeTuris. International Journal of Public Administration, 34(5), 279- 290. doi:10.1080/01900692.2010.550078 Rotherham, I. D., Doncaster, S., & Egan, D. (2005). Nature-based leisure and tourism in England’s humberhead levels. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(2-3), 214-230. doi:10.1080/13683500508668215 Saarinen, J. (2015). Conflicting limits to growth in sustainable tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(10), 903-907. doi:10.1080/13683500.2014.972344 Saarinen, J., Rogerson, C. M., & Hall, C. M. (2017). Geographies of tourism development and planning. Tourism Geographies, 19(3), 307-317. doi:10.1080/14616688.2017.1307442 Schmudde, R. (2015). Equestrian tourism in national parks and protected areas in Iceland-an analysis of the environmental and social impacts. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 15(1-2), 91-104. doi:10.1080/15022250.2014.1000713 Sharpley, R. (2009). Tourism and development challenges in the least developed countries: the case of the Gambia. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(4), 337-358. doi:10.1080/13683500802376240 Shultis, J. D., & Way, P. A. (2006). Changing conceptions of protected areas and conservation: linking conservation, ecological integrity and tourism management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(3), 223-237. doi:10.1080/09669580608669056 Štetić, S., & Šimičević, D. (2018). Tourism geography. Belgrade: The College of Tourism (in Serbian). Štetić, S., & Trišić, I. (2018). The role and importance of ecosystems in creating tourism activities. Hotel and Tourism Management, 6(2), 35-46. doi:10.5937/menhottur1802043S Stojanović, V., Lazić, L., & Đunić, J. (2018). Nature protection and sustainable tourism interaction in selected Ramsar Sites in Vojvodina (Northern Serbia). Geographica Pannonica, 22(3), 201-207. doi:10.5937/gp22-16637 Stumpf, T. S., Sandstrom, J., & Swanger, N. (2016). Bridging the gap: grounded theory method, theory development, and sustainable tourism research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(12), 1691-1708. doi:10.1080/09669582.2016.1149183 Teerakapibal, S. (2016). From sustainable tourism to economic development. Journal of Promotion Management, 22(2), 197-208. doi:10.1080/10496491.2016.1121733 Timothy, D.J., & White, K. (1999). Community-based ecotourism development on the periphery of Belize. Current Issues in Tourism, 2(2-3), 226-242. doi:10.1080/13683509908667853 Trišić, I., Štetić, S., & Krstić, V. (2018). Possibilities to prevent negative environmental impacts. Economic of Agriculture, 65(4), 1599-1614. doi:10.5937/ekoPolj1804599T Valdivieso, J. C., Eagles, P. F. J., & Gil, J. C. (2015). Efficient management capacity evaluation of tourism in protected areas. Journal of Environmental Planning & Management, 58(9), 1544-1561. doi:10.1080/09640568.2014.937479 Vespestad, M. K., & Lindberg, F. (2011). Understanding nature-based tourist experiences: an ontological analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(6), 563-580. doi:10.1080/13683500.201 0.513730 Wachowiak, H. (2005). Large protected areas and visitor information management in Germany. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(2-3), 245-257. doi:10.1080/13683500508668217 Wardle, C., Buckley, R., Shakeela, A., & Castley, J. G. (2018). Ecotourism’s contributions to conservation: analysing patterns in published studies. Journal of Ecotourism. doi:10.1080 /14724049.2018.1424173 Wearing, S., & Huyskens, M. (2001). Moving on from joint management policy regimes in Australian National Parks. Current Issues in Tourism, 4(2-4), 182-209. doi:10.1080/13683500108667887 Weaver, D. B. (2010). Geopolitical dimensions of sustainable tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(1), 47-53. doi:10.1080/02508281.2010.11081618 Whittle, P. M., Stewart, E. J., & Fisher, D. (2015). Re-creation tourism: de-extinction and its implications for nature-based recreation. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(10), 908-912. doi:1 0.1080/13683500.2015.1031727 Wight, P. A. (2010). Supporting the principles of sustainable development in tourism and ecotourism: government’s potential role. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(3-4), 222-244. doi:10.1080/13683500208667920 Wray, K., Espiner, S., & Perkins, H. C. (2010). Cultural clash: Interpreting established use and new tourism activities in protected natural areas. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 10(3), 272-290. doi:10.1080/15022250.2010.496570 Xu, J., Lü, Y., Chen, L., & Liu, Y. (2009). Contribution of tourism development to protected area management: local stakeholder perspectives. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 16(1), 30-36. doi:10.1080/13504500902757189 
| |||
Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans
- UdEkoM Balkan -
179 Ustanicka St, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
E-mail: office@udekom.org.rs
www.udekom.org.rs
- UdEkoM Balkan -
179 Ustanicka St, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
E-mail: office@udekom.org.rs
www.udekom.org.rs
Tel. +381 62 812 5779
VAT number: 108747027
Registration number.: 28157347
Registration number.: 28157347