EFFECTS OF LEADERS-FOLLOWERS EXCHANGE (LMX) ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AND TURNOVER INTENT IN HOSPITALITY AND PUBLIC SERVICES
Tatjana Vanić - City Administration for Economy – City of Novi Sad, Rumenačka 110a, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
Igor Stamenković - Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad,
Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
Tamara Gajić - Novi Sad School of Business, Vladimira Perića – Valtera 4, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2020.525
5th International Thematic Monograph - Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in Present Era, Belgrade, 2020, Published by: Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans in cooperation with the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Ohrid, North Macedonia; ISSN 2683-5673, ISBN 978-86-80194-42-4; Editors: Vuk Bevanda, associate professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia; Snežana Štetić, full time professor, The College of Tourism, Belgrade, Serbia, Printed by: SKRIPTA International, Belgrade
Abstract: Based on the specifics of the selected service sectors - hospitality and public, it is clear that the role of leaders significantly varies. Antecedents for achieving organizational and individual goals include a quality relationship between leaders and followers (supervisors and subordinates), making it possible for an organization to be functional and successful and employees satisfied at work. Although the concept of leadership is as old as human civilization, numerous multi-annual researches and thousands of studies have not yielded with a clear idea of what the leadership is and how best the organizational and individual goals could be achieved. This paper focuses on the effects of the quality of leaders - followers exchange to organizational commitment and turnover intent (intention to leave).
Keywords: LMX, Organizational commitment, Turnover intent, Hospitality sector, Public sector.
REFERENCES
Bentein, K., Vandenberg, R., Vandenberghe, C., & Stinglhamber, F. (2005). The role of change in
the relationship between commitment and turnover: A latent growth modelling approach.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 468–482. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.468
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.
Cogliser, C. C., Schriesheim, C. A., Scandura, T., & Gardner, W. L. (2009). Balance in leader
and follower perceptions of leader member exchange: Relationships with performance and
work attitudes. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 452 465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.
2009.03.010
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Collins, S. (2007). Statutory Social Workers: Stress, Job Satisfaction, Coping, Social Support and
Individual Differences. British Journal of Social Work, 38(6), 1173-1193. https://doi.org/
Collins, M. (2010). The effect of psychological contract fulfillment on manager turnover intentions
and its role as a mediator in a casual, limited-service restaurant environment. International
Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 736-742.https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcm047
Cooper-Hakim, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). The construct of work commitment: Testing an
integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 131(2), 241-259.https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-
2909.131.2.241
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review.
Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
Dansereau, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership with
informal organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,13, 46-78.
Day, D. V., & Miscenko, D. (2015). Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX): Construct Evolution,
Contributions, and Future Prospects for Advencing Leadership Theory. The Oxford
Handbooks of LMX (online). www.oxfordhandbooks.com
Dienesch, R.M., & Liden, R.C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique
and further development. Academy of Management Review, 11, 618-634.
Erdogan, B. (2002). Leader-member exchange differentiation fairness: evidence of new construct.
Doctoral dissertation. University of IIlinois at Chicago. https://doi.org/
Erdogan, B. & Bauer, T. N. (2015). Leader-member exchange theory. International Encyclopedia
of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Second Edition, 641–647.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-
0-08-097086-8.22010-2
Erdogan, B., & Liden, R. C. (2002). Social exchanges in the workplace: A review of recent developments
and future research directions in leader-member exchange theory. In L. L. Neider,
& C. A. Schriesheim (Eds.): Leadership. Greenwich, CT: Information Age. 65-114.https://doi.
org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.298
Ferris, G. R. (1985). Role of leadership in the employee withdrawal process: A constructive replication.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 777-781.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.70.4.777
Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1997). Meta-Analytic Review of Leader-Member Exchange Theory:
Correlates and Construct Issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 827-844.
Golden, T. D., & Viega, J. P. (2008). The impact of superior-subordinate relationships on the commitment,
job satisfaction and performance of virtual work. Leadership Quarterly, 19, 77-88.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.12.009
Graen, B. G. (1976). Role-making processes within complex organizations. In M. Dunnette (ed.).
Handbook of lndustrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Grаen, B. G., & Cashman, J. (1975). A role making model of leadership in formal organizations: A
developmental approach. In J. Hunt, L. Larson (eds). Leadership Frontiers. Kent, OH: Comparative
Administration Research Institute, Kent State University.https://doi.org/10.31410/
tmt.2019.617
Graen, B. G., & Scandura, T. A. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. Research in
Organizational Behavior, 9, 175-208.https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2019.617
Graеn, B. G., & Uhl-Bien, М. (1995). Relationship-Based Approach to Leadership: Development
of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory of Leadership over 25 Years: Applying a Multi-
Level Multi-Domain Perspective, Management Department Faculty Publications, Paper
57, Nebraska. https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2019.617
Griffeth, R., Hom, P., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee
turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium.
Journal of Management, 26, 463-488
Jax, S. M. (2002). Organizational psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach. New York, NY:
Wiley.
Hollander, E.P., & Julian, J.W. (1969). Contemporary trends in the analysis of leadership processes,
Psychological Bulletin, 71(5), 387-397.
Kim, B. P., Lee, G., & Carlson, K. D. (2010). An examination of the nature of the relationship between
Leader-Member-Exchange (LMX) and turnover intent at different organizational levels.
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 591-597.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijhm.2009.10.025
Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R. T., & Wayne, S. J. (1997). Leader-Member Exchange Theory: The Past
and Potential for the Future. In. G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources
management. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Vol. 15, 47-120.
Martin, М. Ј. (2011). Influence of Human Resource Practices on Employee Intention to Quit, Dissertation
submitted to the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment.
Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89.https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-
4822(91)90011-Z
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J., Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations:
Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology,
78, 538–551.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.538
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, Research, and Application.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Mitchell, T.R., Holtom, B.C., Lee, T.W., Sablynski, C.J., Mitchell, T.R., Lee, T.W., & Sablynski, C.J.
(2001), Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. The Academy
of Management Journal, 44(6), 1102-1121.https://doi.org/10.2307/3069391
Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee
turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(2), 237-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-
9010.62.2.237
Mobley, W. H., Horner, S.O., & Hollingsworth, A.T. (1978). An evaluation of precursors of
hospital employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63(4), 408-414.https://doi.
org/10.1037/0021-9010.63.4.408
Morrow, P., Suzuki, Y., Crum, M., Ruben, R., & Pautsch, G. (2005). The role of leader-member
exchange in high turnover work environments. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(8),
681-694. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940510631444
Mowday R., Porter L., & Steers R. (1982). Employee organization Linkages: The Psychology of
Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Northouse, P. G. (2001). Leadership: Theory and Practice (2nd ed.), Thousand Oake, CA: Sage
Publications Inc.
Porter, L., Steer, R., Mowday, R., & Boulian, P. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction,
and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 59,
603-609. https://doi.org/
Rosnow, R. L., & Rosenthal, R. (1996). Computing contrasts, effect sizes, and counter nulls on
other people’s published data: General procedures for research consumers. Psychological
Methods, 1(4), 331-340.
Schriesheim, C. A., Castro, S. L., & Cogliser, C. C. (1999). Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)
Research: A Comprehensive Review of Theory, Measurement, and Data-Analytic Practices.
Leadership Quarterly, 10, 63-113.
Schyns, B., Torka, N., & Gossling, T. (2007). Turnover intention and preparedness for change:
Exploring leader-member exchange and occupational self-efficacy as antecedents of two
employability predictors. Career Development International, 12(7), 660-679.https://doi.
org/10.1108/13620430710834413
Shirly, C. (2003). A study of effects of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) on subordinate employment
satisfaction and loyalty in the newly “reinvented” federal sector. Doctoral dicissertation.
Nova Southeastern University.
Sparr, J. L., & Sonnentag, S. (2008). Fairness perceptions of supervisor feedback, LMX, and employee
well-being at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17,
198-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320701743590
Sparrowe, R. T. (1994). Empowerment in the hospitality industry: An exploration of antecedents
and outcomes. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 17(3), 51-73.
Stinglhamber, F., Bentein, K., & Vandenberghe, C. (2002). Extension of the three-component model
of commitment to five foci: Development of measures and substantive test. European Journal
of Psychological Assessment, 18, 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.18.2.123
Tubay, J., B. (2019). The Role of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Turnover
Intentions of Accounting Professionals in Big 3 Auditing Firms in the Philippines with Moderating
Effect of Leader-member Exchange. International Review of Management and Marketing,
9(2), 84-88.https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.7632
Uhl-Bein, M. (2006). Relational Leadership Theory. Exploring the social processes of leadership
and organizing. Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 654-676.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.
2006.10.007
Vecchio, R. P., Griffeth, R. W., & Hom, P. W. (1986). The predictive utility of the vertical dyad
linkage approach. Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 617-625. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224
545.1986.9713634
Wayne, S. J., & Green, S. A. (1993). The effects of leader–member exchange on employee citizenship
and impression management behavior. Human Relations, 46, 1431–1440.https://doi.
org/10.1177/001872679304601204
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Linden, R. C. (1997). Perceived Organizational Support and Leader-
Member Exchange: A Social Exchange Perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40,
82-111.https://doi.org/10.2307/257021orhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/257021
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., Bommer, W. H., & Tetrick, L. E. (2002). The role of fair treatment and
rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 87, 590-598.https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.3.590
Wayne, S. J., Coyle-Shapiro, J. A., Eisenberger, R., Liden, R. C., Rousseau, D. M., & Shore, L.
M. (2009). Social influences. In H. J. Klein, T. E. Becker, J. P. Meyer (Eds.), Commitment in
organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions, 253-284. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Wiener, Y. (1982). Commitment in organizations: A normative view. The Academy of Management
Review, 7(3), 418-428.
Yang, J.T. (2008). Effect of Newcomer Socialization on Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction,
and Turnover Intention in The Hotel Industry. The Service Industry Journal, 28(4),
429-443.https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060801917430
Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in Organizations (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice
Hall.https://doi.org/10.4236/ojl.2015.42006
Fisher’ z transformation - http://vassarstats.net/rdiff.html April 2019.
http://scindeks.ceon.rs 2019.
Keywords: LMX, Organizational commitment, Turnover intent, Hospitality sector, Public sector.
REFERENCES
Bentein, K., Vandenberg, R., Vandenberghe, C., & Stinglhamber, F. (2005). The role of change in
the relationship between commitment and turnover: A latent growth modelling approach.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 468–482. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.468
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.
Cogliser, C. C., Schriesheim, C. A., Scandura, T., & Gardner, W. L. (2009). Balance in leader
and follower perceptions of leader member exchange: Relationships with performance and
work attitudes. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 452 465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.
2009.03.010
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Collins, S. (2007). Statutory Social Workers: Stress, Job Satisfaction, Coping, Social Support and
Individual Differences. British Journal of Social Work, 38(6), 1173-1193. https://doi.org/
Collins, M. (2010). The effect of psychological contract fulfillment on manager turnover intentions
and its role as a mediator in a casual, limited-service restaurant environment. International
Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 736-742.https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcm047
Cooper-Hakim, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). The construct of work commitment: Testing an
integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 131(2), 241-259.https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-
2909.131.2.241
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review.
Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
Dansereau, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership with
informal organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,13, 46-78.
Day, D. V., & Miscenko, D. (2015). Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX): Construct Evolution,
Contributions, and Future Prospects for Advencing Leadership Theory. The Oxford
Handbooks of LMX (online). www.oxfordhandbooks.com
Dienesch, R.M., & Liden, R.C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique
and further development. Academy of Management Review, 11, 618-634.
Erdogan, B. (2002). Leader-member exchange differentiation fairness: evidence of new construct.
Doctoral dissertation. University of IIlinois at Chicago. https://doi.org/
Erdogan, B. & Bauer, T. N. (2015). Leader-member exchange theory. International Encyclopedia
of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Second Edition, 641–647.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-
0-08-097086-8.22010-2
Erdogan, B., & Liden, R. C. (2002). Social exchanges in the workplace: A review of recent developments
and future research directions in leader-member exchange theory. In L. L. Neider,
& C. A. Schriesheim (Eds.): Leadership. Greenwich, CT: Information Age. 65-114.https://doi.
org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.298
Ferris, G. R. (1985). Role of leadership in the employee withdrawal process: A constructive replication.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 777-781.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.70.4.777
Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1997). Meta-Analytic Review of Leader-Member Exchange Theory:
Correlates and Construct Issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 827-844.
Golden, T. D., & Viega, J. P. (2008). The impact of superior-subordinate relationships on the commitment,
job satisfaction and performance of virtual work. Leadership Quarterly, 19, 77-88.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.12.009
Graen, B. G. (1976). Role-making processes within complex organizations. In M. Dunnette (ed.).
Handbook of lndustrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Grаen, B. G., & Cashman, J. (1975). A role making model of leadership in formal organizations: A
developmental approach. In J. Hunt, L. Larson (eds). Leadership Frontiers. Kent, OH: Comparative
Administration Research Institute, Kent State University.https://doi.org/10.31410/
tmt.2019.617
Graen, B. G., & Scandura, T. A. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. Research in
Organizational Behavior, 9, 175-208.https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2019.617
Graеn, B. G., & Uhl-Bien, М. (1995). Relationship-Based Approach to Leadership: Development
of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory of Leadership over 25 Years: Applying a Multi-
Level Multi-Domain Perspective, Management Department Faculty Publications, Paper
57, Nebraska. https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2019.617
Griffeth, R., Hom, P., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee
turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium.
Journal of Management, 26, 463-488
Jax, S. M. (2002). Organizational psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach. New York, NY:
Wiley.
Hollander, E.P., & Julian, J.W. (1969). Contemporary trends in the analysis of leadership processes,
Psychological Bulletin, 71(5), 387-397.
Kim, B. P., Lee, G., & Carlson, K. D. (2010). An examination of the nature of the relationship between
Leader-Member-Exchange (LMX) and turnover intent at different organizational levels.
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 591-597.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijhm.2009.10.025
Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R. T., & Wayne, S. J. (1997). Leader-Member Exchange Theory: The Past
and Potential for the Future. In. G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources
management. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Vol. 15, 47-120.
Martin, М. Ј. (2011). Influence of Human Resource Practices on Employee Intention to Quit, Dissertation
submitted to the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment.
Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89.https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-
4822(91)90011-Z
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J., Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations:
Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology,
78, 538–551.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.538
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, Research, and Application.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Mitchell, T.R., Holtom, B.C., Lee, T.W., Sablynski, C.J., Mitchell, T.R., Lee, T.W., & Sablynski, C.J.
(2001), Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. The Academy
of Management Journal, 44(6), 1102-1121.https://doi.org/10.2307/3069391
Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee
turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(2), 237-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-
9010.62.2.237
Mobley, W. H., Horner, S.O., & Hollingsworth, A.T. (1978). An evaluation of precursors of
hospital employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63(4), 408-414.https://doi.
org/10.1037/0021-9010.63.4.408
Morrow, P., Suzuki, Y., Crum, M., Ruben, R., & Pautsch, G. (2005). The role of leader-member
exchange in high turnover work environments. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(8),
681-694. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940510631444
Mowday R., Porter L., & Steers R. (1982). Employee organization Linkages: The Psychology of
Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Northouse, P. G. (2001). Leadership: Theory and Practice (2nd ed.), Thousand Oake, CA: Sage
Publications Inc.
Porter, L., Steer, R., Mowday, R., & Boulian, P. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction,
and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 59,
603-609. https://doi.org/
Rosnow, R. L., & Rosenthal, R. (1996). Computing contrasts, effect sizes, and counter nulls on
other people’s published data: General procedures for research consumers. Psychological
Methods, 1(4), 331-340.
Schriesheim, C. A., Castro, S. L., & Cogliser, C. C. (1999). Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)
Research: A Comprehensive Review of Theory, Measurement, and Data-Analytic Practices.
Leadership Quarterly, 10, 63-113.
Schyns, B., Torka, N., & Gossling, T. (2007). Turnover intention and preparedness for change:
Exploring leader-member exchange and occupational self-efficacy as antecedents of two
employability predictors. Career Development International, 12(7), 660-679.https://doi.
org/10.1108/13620430710834413
Shirly, C. (2003). A study of effects of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) on subordinate employment
satisfaction and loyalty in the newly “reinvented” federal sector. Doctoral dicissertation.
Nova Southeastern University.
Sparr, J. L., & Sonnentag, S. (2008). Fairness perceptions of supervisor feedback, LMX, and employee
well-being at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17,
198-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320701743590
Sparrowe, R. T. (1994). Empowerment in the hospitality industry: An exploration of antecedents
and outcomes. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 17(3), 51-73.
Stinglhamber, F., Bentein, K., & Vandenberghe, C. (2002). Extension of the three-component model
of commitment to five foci: Development of measures and substantive test. European Journal
of Psychological Assessment, 18, 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.18.2.123
Tubay, J., B. (2019). The Role of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Turnover
Intentions of Accounting Professionals in Big 3 Auditing Firms in the Philippines with Moderating
Effect of Leader-member Exchange. International Review of Management and Marketing,
9(2), 84-88.https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.7632
Uhl-Bein, M. (2006). Relational Leadership Theory. Exploring the social processes of leadership
and organizing. Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 654-676.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.
2006.10.007
Vecchio, R. P., Griffeth, R. W., & Hom, P. W. (1986). The predictive utility of the vertical dyad
linkage approach. Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 617-625. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224
545.1986.9713634
Wayne, S. J., & Green, S. A. (1993). The effects of leader–member exchange on employee citizenship
and impression management behavior. Human Relations, 46, 1431–1440.https://doi.
org/10.1177/001872679304601204
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Linden, R. C. (1997). Perceived Organizational Support and Leader-
Member Exchange: A Social Exchange Perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40,
82-111.https://doi.org/10.2307/257021orhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/257021
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., Bommer, W. H., & Tetrick, L. E. (2002). The role of fair treatment and
rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 87, 590-598.https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.3.590
Wayne, S. J., Coyle-Shapiro, J. A., Eisenberger, R., Liden, R. C., Rousseau, D. M., & Shore, L.
M. (2009). Social influences. In H. J. Klein, T. E. Becker, J. P. Meyer (Eds.), Commitment in
organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions, 253-284. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Wiener, Y. (1982). Commitment in organizations: A normative view. The Academy of Management
Review, 7(3), 418-428.
Yang, J.T. (2008). Effect of Newcomer Socialization on Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction,
and Turnover Intention in The Hotel Industry. The Service Industry Journal, 28(4),
429-443.https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060801917430
Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in Organizations (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice
Hall.https://doi.org/10.4236/ojl.2015.42006
Fisher’ z transformation - http://vassarstats.net/rdiff.html April 2019.
http://scindeks.ceon.rs 2019.
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