Measuring Environmental Performance in the Cruise Sector Using GRI Standards
Annarita Paiano - University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124 Bari, Italy
Tiziana Crovella - University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124 Bari, Italy
Andrea Pontrandolfo - University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124 Bari, Italy
Teodoro Gallucci - University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124 Bari, Italy
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2021-2022.605
Annarita Paiano - University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124 Bari, Italy
Tiziana Crovella - University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124 Bari, Italy
Andrea Pontrandolfo - University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124 Bari, Italy
Teodoro Gallucci - University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124 Bari, Italy
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2021-2022.605
6th International Thematic Monograph - Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in Present Era, Belgrade, 2021/2022, Published by: Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans in cooperation with the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Ohrid, North Macedonia; ISSN 2683-5673, ISBN 978-86-80194-49-3; Editors: Vuk Bevanda, associate professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia; Snežana Štetić, full time professor, The College of Tourism, Belgrade, Serbia, Printed by: SKRIPTA International, Belgrade
Abstract: Globally, the cruise sector has had quick growth and high revenues in the last twenty years. However, this issue affected tourist destinations and natural resources, causing a steady deterioration. Particularly, there is a growing opinion that the sustainability of this mass tourism is a problem that needs to be addressed and resolved through accountability tools. For this reason, the implementation of sustainable tourism practices has stimulated cruise lines to develop sustainability reports, according to some international tools and in most cases, these companies adopt the GRI Standards.
This study aimed to highlight the evolution and awareness of the impacts in the cruise sector by analyzing the sustainability reports drawn up according to the consolidated GRI standards. In particular, in this chapter, some values of the GRI standards, belonging to the 300 series, named “Top-specific Standard - in environment”, have been analyzed and compared. The purpose is firstly to analyze the environmental impacts of the cruise industry, starting from the identification and evaluation phases. Secondly, it highlighted how much a tool, such as the GRI can allow for comparative analysis.
Furthermore, this chapter presents a comparison between three cruise companies, on the basis of some values associated with the GRI environmental indicators. Finally, for a specific company, the sustainability reports were compared over the years, to evaluate the company’s approach to the environmental, economic and social performance through the GRI standards. Particularly, the authors identified two hypotheses to be verified: hypothesis 1. The GRI implementation allows an improvement of the environmental performance; hypothesis 2. The cruise ship is equivalent to a city with identified requirements in terms of environmental impacts.
Keywords: Cruise tourism; Sustainability; GRI
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defined from a sociotechnical perspective and how much sustainability it includes-A
literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 259, 120856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jclepro.2020.120856.
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160. ISSN 0261-5177 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.03.004
Butt, N. (2007). The Impact of Cruise Ship Generated Waste on Home Ports and Ports of Call:
A Study of Southampton. Mar. Policy, 31, 591-598.
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https://ideas.repec.org/a/ipf/finteo/v34y2010i2p161-180.html
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for financial and narrative reporting. International Journal of Business Economics,
9 (1), 53-64.
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Gallego-Álvares, I., Lozano, B.M., Rodríguez-Rosa, M. (2018). An analysis of the environmental
information in international companies according to the new GRI standards. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 182, 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.240.
Gallego-Alvarez, I., Vicente-Villardon, J.L. (2012). Analysis of environmental indicators in
international companies by applying the logistic biplot. Ecological Indicators, 23, 250-
261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.03.024.
Global Reporting Initiative (2016). Consolidated Set of GRI Sustainability Reporting Standards,
The Netherlands. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://www.globalreporting.org/
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and corporate characteristics: a research note and extension. Journal of Business Finance
and Accounting, 28 (3-4), 327-356.
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the literature and a longitudinal study of UK disclosure. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability
Journal, 8 (2), 47-77. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513579510146996
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Reporting Standards. Retrieved September 10, 2019, from https://www.globalreporting.org/
standards/gri-standards-translations/gri-standards-italian-translations-download-center/
pdf
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analysis. Advances in Public Interest Accounting, 3, 159-176.
Hughes, S., Anderson, A., Golden, S. (2001). Corporate environmental disclosures: are they
useful in determining environmental performance?. Journal of Accounting and Public
Policy, 20 (3), 217-240.
Jenkins, H., Yakovleva, N. (2006). Corporate social responsibility in the mining industry:
exploring trends in social and environmental disclosure. Journal of Cleaner Production,
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sustainability, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29 (1),
288-306.
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systematic literature review identifying the current trends and future perspectives. Business Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 117, 408-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
psep.2018.05.009.
Könnölä K., Kangas K., Seppälä, K., Mäkelä M., Lehtonen T. (2020) Considering sustainability
in cruise vessel design and construction based on existing sustainability certification systems,
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disclosure: an empirical study of Chinese listed companies. Journal of Cleaner Production,
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reporting assessment tool. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World
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economic performance and corporate environmental information disclosure in
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This study aimed to highlight the evolution and awareness of the impacts in the cruise sector by analyzing the sustainability reports drawn up according to the consolidated GRI standards. In particular, in this chapter, some values of the GRI standards, belonging to the 300 series, named “Top-specific Standard - in environment”, have been analyzed and compared. The purpose is firstly to analyze the environmental impacts of the cruise industry, starting from the identification and evaluation phases. Secondly, it highlighted how much a tool, such as the GRI can allow for comparative analysis.
Furthermore, this chapter presents a comparison between three cruise companies, on the basis of some values associated with the GRI environmental indicators. Finally, for a specific company, the sustainability reports were compared over the years, to evaluate the company’s approach to the environmental, economic and social performance through the GRI standards. Particularly, the authors identified two hypotheses to be verified: hypothesis 1. The GRI implementation allows an improvement of the environmental performance; hypothesis 2. The cruise ship is equivalent to a city with identified requirements in terms of environmental impacts.
Keywords: Cruise tourism; Sustainability; GRI
REFERENCES
Adams, C.A., Kuasirikum, N. (2000). A comparative analysis of corporate reporting on ethical
issues by UK and German chemical and pharmaceutical companies. European Accounting
Review, 9 (1), 53-79.
Aida Cruises (2016). Statistical data. Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://www.aida.de/?L=1
Aida Cruises (2019). Aida Cares 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://www.aida.
de/?L=1
Al-Tuwaijri, S.A., Christensen, T.E., Hughes, H.E. (2004). The relations among environmental
disclosure, environmental performance, and economic performance: a simultaneous
equations approach. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 29 (5-6), 447-471. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0361-3682(03)00032-1.
Aureli, S., Medei, E., Supino, E., Travaglini, C. (2017), Sustainability disclosure and a legitimacy
crisis: Insights from two major cruise companies, European Journal of Tourism
Research, 17 149-163
Bag, S., Telukdarie, A., Pretorius, J.H.C., Gupta, S. (2018). Industry 4.0 and supply chain sustainability:
framework and future research directions’. Benchmarking: An International
Journal, https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-03-2018-0056.
Beier, G., Ullrich, A., Niehoff, S., Reißig, M., Habich, M. (2020). Industry 4.0: how it is
defined from a sociotechnical perspective and how much sustainability it includes-A
literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 259, 120856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jclepro.2020.120856.
Blasco, J.L., King, A. (2017). The Road Ahead: the KPMG Survey of Corporate Responsibility
Reporting 2017. KPMG International. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from https://assets.
kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/be/pdf/2017/kpmg-survey-of-corporate-responsibility-reporting-
2017.pdf
Bonilla-Priego, MJ and Font, X and Pacheco-Olivares, M.D.R. (2014). Corporate sustainability
reporting index and baseline data for the cruise industry. Tourism Management, 44. 149 -
160. ISSN 0261-5177 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.03.004
Butt, N. (2007). The Impact of Cruise Ship Generated Waste on Home Ports and Ports of Call:
A Study of Southampton. Mar. Policy, 31, 591-598.
Carić, H. (2010). Direct pollution cost assessment of cruising tourism in the Croatian Adriatic.
Financial Theory and Practice, 34 (2) 161-180 Retrieved December 14, 2021, from RePEc:
https://ideas.repec.org/a/ipf/finteo/v34y2010i2p161-180.html
Clarkson, P., Li, Y., Richardson, G., Vasvari, F. (2008). Revisiting the relation between environmental
performance and environmental disclosure: an empirical analysis. Accounting,
Orgizations and Socety, 33, 303-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2007.05.003.
CLIA (2020). State of the cruise industry outlook. Retrieved June 5, 2022, from https://cruising.
org/-/media/research-updates/research/state-of-the-cruise-industry.ashx
Comyns, B. (2016). Determinants of GHG reporting: an analysis of global oil and gas companies.
Journal of Business Ethics, 136 (2), 349-369. DOI 10.1007/s10551-014-2517-9. DOI
10.1007/s10551-014-2517-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.1996.9729510.
Costa Crociere (2015). Bilancio di Sostenibilità 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://
web.costacrociere.it/B2C/I/sostenibilita/Pages/bilancio.aspx
Costa Crociere (2016). Il bilancio di sostenibilità 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2019, from https://
web.costacrociere.it/B2C/I/sostenibilita/Pages/bilancio.aspx
Costa Crociere (2018). Bilancio di Sostenibilità 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://
web.costacrociere.it/B2C/I/sostenibilita/Pages/bilancio.aspx
Costa Crociere (2019). Il bilancio di sostenibilità 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2019, from https://web.
costacrociere.it/B2C/I/sostenibilita/Pages/bilancio.aspx
De Grosbois D., (2016)Corporate social responsibility reporting in the cruise tourism industry:
a performance evaluation using a new institutional theory based model, Journal of Sustainable
Tourism, 24 (2), 245-269, DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1076827.
Di Vaio, A., Varriale, L., Di Gregorio, A. & Adomako, S. (2022). Corporate social performance
and non-financial reporting in the cruise industry: Paving the way towards UN Agenda
2030, Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag., 1-23, https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2292.
Di Vaio, A.; Varriale, L.; Lekakou, M.; Stefanidaki, E (2020), Cruise and container shipping
companies: A comparative analysis of sustainable development goals through environmental
sustainability disclosure. Marit. Policy Manag., 1–29.
Dragomir, V.D., Cristina, M. (2009). Corporate governance in the European Union: the implications
for financial and narrative reporting. International Journal of Business Economics,
9 (1), 53-64.
Font, X., Guix, M. & Bonilla-Priego, M.J. (2016). Corporate social responsibility in cruising:
Using materiality analysis to create shared value, Tourism management, 53, 175-186, http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.10.007.
Gallego-Álvares, I., Lozano, B.M., Rodríguez-Rosa, M. (2018). An analysis of the environmental
information in international companies according to the new GRI standards. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 182, 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.240.
Gallego-Alvarez, I., Vicente-Villardon, J.L. (2012). Analysis of environmental indicators in
international companies by applying the logistic biplot. Ecological Indicators, 23, 250-
261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.03.024.
Global Reporting Initiative (2016). Consolidated Set of GRI Sustainability Reporting Standards,
The Netherlands. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://www.globalreporting.org/
Gray, R., Javad, M., Power, D.M., Sinclair, C.D. (2001). Social and environmental disclosure
and corporate characteristics: a research note and extension. Journal of Business Finance
and Accounting, 28 (3-4), 327-356.
Gray, R., Kouhy, R., Simon, L. (1995). Corporate social and environmental reporting: a review of
the literature and a longitudinal study of UK disclosure. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability
Journal, 8 (2), 47-77. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513579510146996
GSSB (2018). (Global Sustainability Standards Board - Raccolta consolidata dei GRI Sustainability
Reporting Standards. Retrieved September 10, 2019, from https://www.globalreporting.org/
standards/gri-standards-translations/gri-standards-italian-translations-download-center/
Guthrie, J., Parker, L.D. (1990). Corporate social disclosure practice: comparative international
analysis. Advances in Public Interest Accounting, 3, 159-176.
Hughes, S., Anderson, A., Golden, S. (2001). Corporate environmental disclosures: are they
useful in determining environmental performance?. Journal of Accounting and Public
Policy, 20 (3), 217-240.
Jenkins, H., Yakovleva, N. (2006). Corporate social responsibility in the mining industry:
exploring trends in social and environmental disclosure. Journal of Cleaner Production,
14, 271-284.
Jones, P., Hillier, D Confort D. (2017) The two market leaders in ocean cruising and corporate
sustainability, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29 (1),
288-306.
Kamble, S.S., Gunasekaran, A., Gawankar, S.A. (2018). Sustainable Industry 4.0 framework: a
systematic literature review identifying the current trends and future perspectives. Business Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 117, 408-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
psep.2018.05.009.
Könnölä K., Kangas K., Seppälä, K., Mäkelä M., Lehtonen T. (2020) Considering sustainability
in cruise vessel design and construction based on existing sustainability certification systems,
Journal of Cleaner Production, 259.
Liu, X., Anbumozhi, V. (2009). Determinant factors of corporate environmental information
disclosure: an empirical study of Chinese listed companies. Journal of Cleaner Production,
17 (6), 593-600.
Mendes, J. V.; Oliveira, G. R.; De Souza Campos, L. M. (2019). The G-Index: a sustainability
reporting assessment tool. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World
Ecology, (26), 5, 428-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2019.1589595.
Meng, X.H., Zeng, S.X., Tam, C.M (2001). From voluntarism to regulation: a study on ownership,
economic performance and corporate environmental information disclosure in
China. Journal of Business Ethics, 116, 217-232.
Messier, W.F., Martinov-Bennie, N., & Eilifsen, A. (2005). Review and integration of empirical
research on materiality: two decades later. Auditing Journal of Practice and Theory, 24(2),
153-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2005.24.2.153.
Monteiro, S.M., Aibar-Guzman, B. (2010). Determinants of environmental disclosure in the
annual reports of large companies operating in Portugal. Corporate Social Responsibility
and Environmental Management, 17, 185-204.
Morioka, S, N, Evans, S, Monteiro de Carvalho, M (2016). Sustainable business model innovation:
exploring evidences in sustainability reporting. Procedia CIRP 40, 659-667. doi:
10.1016/j.procir.2016.01.151.
Municipality of Ferrara (2017). Bilancio ambientale - Consuntivo 2014-2016. Retrieved October
11, 2019, from https://servizi.comune.fe.it/4160/bilancio-ambientale
Murninghan, M. (2013). Redefining materiality II: Why it matters, who’s involved, and what it
means for corporate leaders and boards. Setting the standard for corporate responsibility
and sustainable development. New York: Accountability. Retrieved June 12, 2022, from
https://lifegateedu.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/AA_Materiality_Report_Aug2013-FINAL_
compressed.pdf
Paiano, A., Crovella, T., Lagioia, G. (2020). Managing sustainable practices in cruise tourism:
the assessment of carbon footprint and waste of water and beverage packaging. Tourism
Management, 77, 104016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104016.
Princess Cruise Lines (2017). Sustainability report, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2019, from
https://www.princess.com/aboutus/sustainability/
Reverte, C. (2009). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure ratings by Spanish
listed firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 88 (2), 351-366.
Reynolds, M., Yuthas, K. (2008). Moral discourse and corporate social responsibility reporting.
Journal of Business Ethics, 78, 47-64.
Richardson, A.J., Welker, M. (2001). Social disclosure, financial disclosure and the cost of
equity capital. Economics, Accounting Organizations and Society, 26 (7), 597-616.
Shi, T. (2004). Ecological economics as policy science: rhetoric or commitment towards an
improved decision-making process on sustainability. Ecological Economics, 48, 23-36.
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Consider Market-based Measures? Mar. Policy, 64, 123–134.
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Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans
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